{
 "generated": "2026-11-12",
 "n_cases_total": 75,
 "n_headline": 46,
 "n_by_tier_all": {
  "official": 29,
  "2press": 32,
  "single-source": 14
 },
 "n_excluded_from_headline": 29,
 "exclusions": {
  "F01": "annulled by Rome court 18 Mar 2026 (competence grounds)",
  "F05": "scope borderline: fine not apportioned between algorithmic findings and other GDPR breaches",
  "F10": "judgment largely suspended; payable amount not stated",
  "F11": "judgment largely suspended; payable amount not stated",
  "F12": "judgment largely suspended; payable amount not stated",
  "F13": "proposed order; court approval not shown",
  "F20": "scope borderline: automated deactivation software, ML not confirmed by sources; under appeal",
  "C04": "single-source",
  "C07": "single-source; AI link not confirmed in the text",
  "C10": "AI use not confirmed by court",
  "C17": "single-source total (USD 15,500 corroborated floor)",
  "C21": "single-source",
  "C23": "scope borderline: hard-coded age cut-off rule, not an AI model",
  "C25": "settlement approval vacated by 7th Cir. 13 Jul 2026; equity valuation, not cash",
  "C30": "single-source (anonymous Bloomberg source), range USD 8-12M",
  "C31": "single-source; preliminary approval only",
  "D03": "sources disagree whether figure is losses or recovered proceeds",
  "D04": "funds withheld by police (recovered)",
  "D05": "funds frozen by police (recovered)",
  "D08": "allegations in an indictment; no conviction",
  "D09": "single-source",
  "K01": "single-source in effect: both outlets rely on one unverified developer post (not independent confirmation)",
  "K03": "single-source; unnamed victim; floor amount",
  "K06": "single-source",
  "K07": "single-source",
  "K08": "single-source, secondhand",
  "M03": "single-source dollar figure; product delay, not an error",
  "W01": "link to AI failure indirect (strategic exit charge)",
  "W02": "single-source; lender seizure, not a write-down"
 },
 "fx_note": "USD at ECB reference rate on decision/loss date (Frankfurter API); native amount authoritative",
 "categories": {
  "REGULATOR_FINE": {
   "label": "Regulator fines",
   "headline": {
    "n": 14,
    "total_usd": 49179685.87,
    "median_usd": 267500.0,
    "min_usd": 2822.47,
    "max_usd": 33656750.0,
    "ids": [
     "F07",
     "F06",
     "F19",
     "F15",
     "F21",
     "F08",
     "F14",
     "F16",
     "F18",
     "F09",
     "F17",
     "F02",
     "F04",
     "F03"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 21,
    "total_usd": 1086513610.87,
    "median_usd": 1000000.0,
    "min_usd": 2822.47,
    "max_usd": 965155801.0,
    "ids": [
     "F07",
     "F13",
     "F06",
     "F19",
     "F15",
     "F21",
     "F08",
     "F14",
     "F16",
     "F18",
     "F09",
     "F17",
     "F05",
     "F02",
     "F04",
     "F11",
     "F12",
     "F01",
     "F10",
     "F03",
     "F20"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "NONE_FEASIBLE": {
     "n": 8,
     "usd": 45871363.4,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.933
    },
    "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM": {
     "n": 5,
     "usd": 3305500.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.067
    },
    "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH": {
     "n": 1,
     "usd": 2822.47,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.0
    }
   }
  },
  "COURT_SANCTION_HALLUCINATION": {
   "label": "Court sanctions for AI-invented citations",
   "headline": {
    "n": 16,
    "total_usd": 111835.4,
    "median_usd": 5332.23,
    "min_usd": 1500.0,
    "max_usd": 31100.0,
    "ids": [
     "C16",
     "C14",
     "C09",
     "C11",
     "C01",
     "C02",
     "C15",
     "C18",
     "C19",
     "C05",
     "C06",
     "C20",
     "C13",
     "C08",
     "C12",
     "C03"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 21,
    "total_usd": 297917.37,
    "median_usd": 5390.45,
    "min_usd": 1500.0,
    "max_usd": 110204.38,
    "ids": [
     "C16",
     "C04",
     "C14",
     "C09",
     "C11",
     "C01",
     "C02",
     "C07",
     "C15",
     "C18",
     "C19",
     "C05",
     "C06",
     "C20",
     "C13",
     "C08",
     "C12",
     "C10",
     "C03",
     "C21",
     "C17"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "GROUNDED_POLICY_CHECK": {
     "n": 16,
     "usd": 111835.4,
     "share_of_category_usd": 1.0
    }
   }
  },
  "DAMAGES_SETTLEMENT": {
   "label": "Damages, settlements, refunds",
   "headline": {
    "n": 6,
    "total_usd": 3145338931.58,
    "median_usd": 122637500.0,
    "min_usd": 599.57,
    "max_usd": 1500000000.0,
    "ids": [
     "C22",
     "C27",
     "C24",
     "C28",
     "C29",
     "C26"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 10,
    "total_usd": 3455453931.58,
    "median_usd": 29875000.0,
    "min_usd": 599.57,
    "max_usd": 1500000000.0,
    "ids": [
     "C22",
     "C27",
     "C23",
     "C24",
     "C30",
     "C25",
     "C28",
     "C31",
     "C29",
     "C26"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "NONE_FEASIBLE": {
     "n": 2,
     "usd": 2900000000.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.922
    },
    "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH": {
     "n": 1,
     "usd": 243000000.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.077
    },
    "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM": {
     "n": 1,
     "usd": 2275000.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.001
    },
    "GROUNDED_POLICY_CHECK": {
     "n": 2,
     "usd": 63931.58,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.0
    }
   }
  },
  "FRAUD_LOSS": {
   "label": "Deepfake / voice-clone fraud losses",
   "headline": {
    "n": 5,
    "total_usd": 181810944.0,
    "median_usd": 25636000.0,
    "min_usd": 609310.0,
    "max_usd": 108328500.0,
    "ids": [
     "D10",
     "D06",
     "D01",
     "D02",
     "D07"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 10,
    "total_usd": 320545380.0,
    "median_usd": 4099218.0,
    "min_usd": 499000.0,
    "max_usd": 129000000.0,
    "ids": [
     "D04",
     "D10",
     "D06",
     "D05",
     "D09",
     "D03",
     "D01",
     "D02",
     "D07",
     "D08"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "OUTPUT_AMOUNT_CHECK": {
     "n": 2,
     "usd": 133964500.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.737
    },
    "NONE_FEASIBLE": {
     "n": 3,
     "usd": 47846444.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.263
    }
   }
  },
  "COMPUTE_BILL": {
   "label": "Stolen-key and runaway AI bills",
   "headline": {
    "n": 3,
    "total_usd": 791700.0,
    "median_usd": 50000.0,
    "min_usd": 1700.0,
    "max_usd": 740000.0,
    "ids": [
     "K05",
     "K04",
     "K02"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 8,
    "total_usd": 1028814.44,
    "median_usd": 48500.0,
    "min_usd": 1700.0,
    "max_usd": 740000.0,
    "ids": [
     "K05",
     "K06",
     "K07",
     "K08",
     "K04",
     "K01",
     "K03",
     "K02"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "SPEND_CAP_KEY_HYGIENE": {
     "n": 3,
     "usd": 791700.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 1.0
    }
   }
  },
  "MARKET_VALUE_MOVE": {
   "label": "Market value moves (not a cost)",
   "headline": {
    "n": 2,
    "total_usd": 190000000000.0,
    "median_usd": 95000000000.0,
    "min_usd": 90000000000.0,
    "max_usd": 100000000000.0,
    "ids": [
     "M02",
     "M01"
    ]
   },
   "all_listed": {
    "n": 3,
    "total_usd": 390000000000.0,
    "median_usd": 100000000000.0,
    "min_usd": 90000000000.0,
    "max_usd": 200000000000.0,
    "ids": [
     "M02",
     "M01",
     "M03"
    ]
   },
   "headline_by_control": {
    "GROUNDED_POLICY_CHECK": {
     "n": 1,
     "usd": 100000000000.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.526
    },
    "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM": {
     "n": 1,
     "usd": 90000000000.0,
     "share_of_category_usd": 0.474
    }
   }
  }
 },
 "sensitivity": {
  "regulator_fines_as_imposed_incl_annulled_and_borderline": {
   "n": 17,
   "total_usd": 1035977486.87,
   "median_usd": 500000.0,
   "min_usd": 2822.47,
   "max_usd": 965155801.0,
   "ids": [
    "F07",
    "F06",
    "F19",
    "F15",
    "F21",
    "F08",
    "F14",
    "F16",
    "F18",
    "F09",
    "F17",
    "F05",
    "F02",
    "F04",
    "F01",
    "F03",
    "F20"
   ]
  },
  "regulator_fines_eur_only_headline": {
   "n": 5,
   "total_usd": 45161363.4,
   "median_usd": 5541000.0,
   "min_usd": 54935.0,
   "max_usd": 33656750.0,
   "ids": [
    "F06",
    "F21",
    "F02",
    "F04",
    "F03"
   ]
  },
  "regulator_fines_us_only_headline": {
   "n": 8,
   "total_usd": 4015500.0,
   "median_usd": 267500.0,
   "min_usd": 112500.0,
   "max_usd": 1500000.0,
   "ids": [
    "F19",
    "F15",
    "F08",
    "F14",
    "F16",
    "F18",
    "F09",
    "F17"
   ]
  },
  "damages_excl_training_data_and_biometric": {
   "n": 4,
   "total_usd": 245338931.58,
   "median_usd": 1169166.0,
   "min_usd": 599.57,
   "max_usd": 243000000.0,
   "ids": [
    "C22",
    "C27",
    "C24",
    "C28"
   ]
  },
  "court_sanctions_all_listed_incl_single_source": {
   "n": 21,
   "total_usd": 297917.37,
   "median_usd": 5390.45,
   "min_usd": 1500.0,
   "max_usd": 110204.38,
   "ids": [
    "C16",
    "C04",
    "C14",
    "C09",
    "C11",
    "C01",
    "C02",
    "C07",
    "C15",
    "C18",
    "C19",
    "C05",
    "C06",
    "C20",
    "C13",
    "C08",
    "C12",
    "C10",
    "C03",
    "C21",
    "C17"
   ]
  }
 },
 "controls_case_share_headline_cost_cases": {
  "GROUNDED_POLICY_CHECK": {
   "n": 18,
   "share": 0.409
  },
  "NONE_FEASIBLE": {
   "n": 13,
   "share": 0.295
  },
  "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM": {
   "n": 6,
   "share": 0.136
  },
  "SPEND_CAP_KEY_HYGIENE": {
   "n": 3,
   "share": 0.068
  },
  "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH": {
   "n": 2,
   "share": 0.045
  },
  "OUTPUT_AMOUNT_CHECK": {
   "n": 2,
   "share": 0.045
  }
 },
 "n_headline_cost_cases": 44,
 "controllable_share_by_category": {
  "REGULATOR_FINE": 0.067,
  "COURT_SANCTION_HALLUCINATION": 1,
  "DAMAGES_SETTLEMENT": 0.078,
  "FRAUD_LOSS": 0.737,
  "COMPUTE_BILL": 1
 },
 "second_coder": {
  "model": "claude-opus-5-5",
  "agreement_all": 0.867,
  "kappa_all": 0.825,
  "n_all": 75,
  "agreement_headline": 0.848,
  "kappa_headline": 0.791,
  "n_headline": 46,
  "disagreements": [
   {
    "id": "F14",
    "primary": "NONE_FEASIBLE",
    "second": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM"
   },
   {
    "id": "F15",
    "primary": "NONE_FEASIBLE",
    "second": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM"
   },
   {
    "id": "F17",
    "primary": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM",
    "second": "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH"
   },
   {
    "id": "F18",
    "primary": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM",
    "second": "NONE_FEASIBLE"
   },
   {
    "id": "F19",
    "primary": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM",
    "second": "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH"
   },
   {
    "id": "C28",
    "primary": "MONITORING_KILL_SWITCH",
    "second": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM"
   },
   {
    "id": "C30",
    "primary": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM",
    "second": "HUMAN_HANDOFF"
   },
   {
    "id": "C31",
    "primary": "NONE_FEASIBLE",
    "second": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM"
   },
   {
    "id": "D10",
    "primary": "NONE_FEASIBLE",
    "second": "OUTPUT_AMOUNT_CHECK"
   },
   {
    "id": "W01",
    "primary": "PRELAUNCH_REDTEAM",
    "second": "NONE_FEASIBLE"
   }
  ]
 },
 "charlotin_tracker": {
  "url": "https://www.damiencharlotin.com/hallucinations/",
  "fetched": "2026-11-12",
  "as_of_text": "Last updated: 12 November 2026",
  "total_cases": 2292,
  "by_party_type": {
   "Pro Se Litigant": 1315,
   "Lawyer": 912,
   "Judge": 34,
   "Expert": 18,
   "Prosecutor": 5,
   "Governement Lawyer (sic)": 3,
   "Paralegal": 3,
   "Arbitrator": 1,
   "Federal Defender": 1,
   "note": "A case can have more than one party type; counts sum above 2292."
  },
  "outcome": {
   "Monetary sanction": 396,
   "Disciplinary referral": 170,
   "n": 2266,
   "excluded_alleged": 26
  },
  "monetary_penalty_distribution_usd": {
   "labels": [
    "0-100",
    "100-1k",
    "1k-5k",
    "5k-10k",
    "10k-50k",
    "50k+"
   ],
   "counts": [
    0,
    34,
    87,
    41,
    31,
    6
   ],
   "n_cases_in_usd_chart": 199,
   "cases_in_other_currencies": 129,
   "cases_with_unknown_amount": 68,
   "note": "Page states a recorded penalty of 1 is a placeholder meaning amount unknown, excluded from penalty graphs. 199+129+68=396 equals the monetary-sanction count."
  },
  "by_jurisdiction_top": {
   "USA": 1553,
   "Canada": 245,
   "Australia": 112,
   "UK": 91
  },
  "median_usd_penalty_bucket": "1k-5k"
 },
 "vendor_estimates": [
  {
   "publisher": "Sysdig",
   "url": "https://www.sysdig.com/blog/llmjacking-stolen-cloud-credentials-used-in-new-ai-attack",
   "date": "2024-05-06",
   "figure": "over $46,000 per day (worst-case estimate, Claude 2.x, multi-region; $46,080/day calc)",
   "quote": "the cost to the victim can be over $46,000 per day"
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Sysdig",
   "url": "https://www.sysdig.com/blog/refresh-yourself-on-2024-top-cyber-attack-trends-to-stay-safe-in-2025",
   "date": "2024-12-18",
   "figure": "over $100,000 daily (updated estimate)",
   "quote": "the cost of LLMjacking to victims has ballooned to over $100,000 daily."
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Wiz Research",
   "url": "https://www.wiz.io/blog/black-october-for-ai-developer-platforms",
   "date": "2026-10-30",
   "figure": "over $100k in usage at list price (two Bedrock credential cases combined)",
   "quote": "At list price, these two cases alone likely ran up over $100k in usage."
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Google Cloud (GTIG/Mandiant)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/llmjacking-monetizing-compromised-cloud-models",
   "date": "2026-11-03",
   "figure": "over $100,000 in a single day; up to $1 million cumulative at some organisations",
   "quote": "cumulative charges at some organizations reaching $1 million USD before access was revoked."
  }
 ]
}